Josh Allen Can Sling It!

The Buffalo Bills beat the Jacksonville Jaguars today, 24-21.  Despite a couple 3-7 teams getting together in late November, fans did have reason to cheer today.  Late in the second quarter, the Bills faced 1st & 10 from their own 25-yard line.  Rookie quarterback Josh Allen (#17) was under center when the ball was snapped (click on image for a larger view).

Rookie wide receiver Robert Foster (#16) was lined up on the far left side of the line.  The screen capture I got from the replay shows a better view of Foster, the lone wide receiver on the left side of the line (click on image for a larger view).

Foster was only put on the active roster 15 days ago, but he was about to be a part of something special.

Look at the pile surrounding Allen when he threw the football (click on image for a larger view).

He's about to be clobbered by the Jacksonville rush.  But Allen's strong arm made the play.  The main part of the ball's acceleration took about 0.15 seconds, leading to an average force from Allen on the ball of roughly 15 pounds.  The peak force could have reached 30 pounds.  That's a quick release with a lot of force!  The power Allen outputted during a very brief instant of time reached 1.5 kW, which beats a lot of microwave ovens!  The ball left Allen's hand at about 53.5 mph and at angle of 25.3 degrees above the horizontal.

Fleet-footed Robert Foster hit a top speed of over 21 mph in crossing the field to catch the ball near the Jacksonville 38-yard line (click on image for a larger view).

Replay gave a slightly better view (click on image for a larger view).

The football was rotating at about 600 rpm and landed in Foster's hands at a speed of roughly 47.3 mph, about 2.0 seconds after it left's Allen's right hand.  Nobody was going to catch the rookie as he scored his first NFL touchdown (click on image for a larger view).

To get all the numbers for the trajectory of the ball, I had to solve Newton's second law equation numerically.  The trajectory is shown below (click on image for a larger view).

How great was it that two rookies got to be involved in such an amazing play?  The Bills might just keep Foster on the active roster a little while longer.  As for Allen, who played his college ball at Wyoming, that Cowboy can sure sling it!  Despite getting hit from a few Jaguars, I think Allen will take the play (click on image for a larger view).

Chuck Nice of Playing with Science joined me on TuneIn's 1st & Goal to discuss the play for their Check Down segment.  Click here for the audio link.

101 Yards for a Pick-Six!

The Houston Texans beat the Washington Redskins, today 23-21.  They don't get that win without a brilliant play near the end of the second quarter.  The Redskins had 3rd & goal at the Texans 9-yard line.  Down three at the time, the Redskins were either going to take the lead with a touchdown or tie the game with a short field goal.  Washington quarterback Alex Smith (#11) was in the shotgun.  The screen capture I got shows the formation (click on image for a larger view).

Smith's target on the play was tight end Jordan Reed (#86), who can barely seen lined up on the left side of the formation.  Texans rookie free safety Justin Reid (#20) is circled in the above image.  I've also pointed out Redskins tackle Ty Nsekhe (#79) and Texans defensive end Christian Covington (#95) for what comes later.

Now look at Smith's throw (click on image for a larger view).

Smith threw from the Texans 17-yard line, just outside the left hash.  You can see Reed on the far right of the image breaking his route to his left.  Reid is behind Reed, about to come up on Reed's right.  Confused by Reed and Reid?  So was Smith!  A closer look shows Reed breaking his route to his left, which is where Smith was throwing (click on image for a larger view).

Reid has his eyes on the throw the entire time.  Now watch as Reed stops suddenly to break off to his right (click on image for a larger view).

That didn't stop Reid, who was watching the pass, and knew he had a shot at a pick.  Check out what happened when Reed turned back (click on image for a larger view).

Reid had the interception while all Reed could do was look to his right.  Smith and Reed were clearly not on the same page on this play.  Justin Reid was now looking at daylight in front of him.  As he got going, Jordan Reed appeared to complain to his quarterback about the throw (click on image for a larger view).

In the above screen capture, Justin Reid had just taken his second of 48 steps that would lead him to the end zone.  Along the way, he got a great block from Christian Covington (click on image for a larger view).

Covington is blocking Ty Nsekhe.  Let's hear it for the 300-lb defensive end who stayed with the play and was able to make a crucial block more than 20 yards behind the line of scrimmage.  Great effort!

After crossing midfield, Reid hit a top speed of nearly 22 mph.  I made a plot of his speed versus time for the nearly 11.7 seconds it took him to score after making the interception (click on image for a larger view).

You can see in the above plot that his speed dropped as he neared the end zone.  Nobody could catch him!  Look at Reid turning around to see who's chasing him (click on image for a larger view).

Washington quarterback Alex Smith was the only one would had a shot at Reid, but Smith couldn't match Reid's speed.  Check out Reid loping into the end zone (click on image for a larger view).

It was great pick-six that was absolutely needed in a two-point win.  I hope Alex Smith is okay, because about half a quarter after the pick-six I described, he suffered a brutal leg injury and had to be carted off the field.

Gary O'Reilly of Playing with Science joined me on TuneIn's 1st & Goal to analyze Reid's pick-six for their Check Down segment.  Click here for the audio link.

A Lion Can't Tackle a Bear!

The Chicago Bears beat the Detroit Lions today, 34-22.  They put the game out of reach early in the second quarter when rookie wide receiver Anthony Miller (#17) slipped free of a Lion defender and scampered into the end zone for a 45-yard touchdown reception.  Check out the start of the play (click on image for a larger view).

The Bears had 2nd and 5 on the Lions 45-yard line.  Note the three-receiver set on the right side of the Bears line.  Miller is on the inside, as I've indicated.  Now do a little counting.  You'll count 11 Bears, but you'll only get to 10 when counting the Lions.  Where is the 11th Lion?  Free safety Glover Quin (#27) can't be seen in the above screen capture.  He's playing deep coverage.

Just after the snap, confusion reigned supreme in the Lions secondary.  In the screen capture below, Lions strong safety Quandre Diggs (#28) had just let Miller go by him.  And yet he was pointing toward the line of scrimmage!

You can also see Diggs pointing toward Miller, which I assume was meant for his teammate, Glover Quin.  Bears quarterback Mitchell Trubisky (#10), who enjoyed great protection from his offensive line, had to like seeing Miller break free.  He threw the ball from the Bears 47-yard line (click on image for a larger view).

Now check out all the open space around Miller when he caught the ball at the Lions 27-yard line (click on image for a larger view).

You can see that Miller had to turn around after he makes the catch.  Note that Glover Quin is still not visible in the screen capture.  I had to wait for the instant replay to see where Quin was when Miller caught the ball (click on image for a larger view).

You can see Quin on the far right of the screen capture.  And now comes the decisive physics!  The key concept here is relative velocity.  When you're sitting in a car going 60 mph on the highway, you look out the window and see the world going in the opposite direction at 60 mph.  Your windows protect you from the oncoming air and, ignoring the bumps in the road and other things that give you an occasional acceleration, you feel at rest in your car's frame of reference.  If a car passes you going 70 mph, you see that car passing you at 10 mph.  It's a person on the ground that would see you going 60 mph and the other car going 70 mph.  It's more complicated when all the motion isn't along a single direction.  I put velocity vectors on Quin and Miller as they headed toward each other (click on image for a larger view).

Quin's vector is more into the screen, so it appears shorter.  In Quin's reference frame, he doesn't see Miller moving at the same speed and direction as someone standing on the sidelines would see Miller moving.  That blue velocity vector in the above image has to be subtracted from all velocity vectors if one wishes to see the world from Quin's reference frame.  The problem for Quin is that he aimed too close to where Miller was in the above image, instead of aiming closer to where Miller would be at the point of collision.  Check out the near miss (click on image for a larger view).

A view from another angle shows just how close Quin missed Miller (click on image for a larger view).

Quin is too far behind Miller because Miller's center of mass is to the left of Quin.  The best Quin could have hoped for was an arm tackle while his linear momentum continued to send him behind Miller.  Note that Miller lowered his center of mass to increase his stability.  It's far easier to turn a refrigerator over when it's standing upright than it is when it's on its side.  Check out what happened to Quin (click on image for a larger view).

Quin could only receive a little torque from Miller and get twisted as he fell.  Miller needed only to get to about 16 mph to reach the end zone without getting tackled (click on image for a larger view).

I am in no way claiming that it's easy to calculate a relative velocity in a split second on an NFL gridiron!  It's challenging enough for high school students to add vectors, and they have a lot more time and the use of calculators!  Professional athletes get quite good at adding velocities, even though most probably don't realize that's what they're doing.  Thousands of plays in practice and in games help athletes add velocities as if doing so were second nature.  Quarterbacks do it all the time when they throw to a spot where a receiver will be by the time the ball nears the turf.

This was a fun play to analyze for today's Check Down piece Chuck Nice (of Playing with Science) and I did for TuneIn's 1st & Goal.  Click here for the audio link.

Over 100 Yards on a Double Toss!

The Carolina Panthers beat the Tampa Bay Buccaneers today, 42-28.   Probably the best play of the game took place inside of 12 minutes to go in the 2nd quarter.  The Panthers had 1st and 10 at the Bucs' 33-yard line.  Check out the starting formation (click on image for a larger view).

I had to circle and identify several Panthers for what was about to unfold.  Panthers running back Alexander Armah (#40) moved to his left prior to the snap (click on image for a larger view).

Once the play got going, look at the initial motions of wide receivers D. J. Moore (#12) and Curtis Samuel (#10) (click on image for a larger view).

Both wide receivers are headed toward the backfield!  Panthers quarterback Cam Newton (#1) took the snap and faked a hand-off to running back Christian McCaffrey (#22).  After the fake, Newton tossed to D. J. Moore (click on image for a larger view).

But the fun had just started because Curtis Samuel is racing back to receive the second toss (click on image for a larger view).

Samuel's momentum actually took him to the 46-yard line before he turned on the jets toward the left sideline.  He made three positively sick cuts on the play.  Check out the first one, which was to his right (click on image for a larger view).

His teammates were blocking in front of him, but there was little space, so Samuel cut hard to his right.  Note how close to the left sideline he is, and remember that he began between the numbers on the 35-yard line, closer to the right sideline.  Now check out his second hard cut, which was to his left (click on image for a larger view).

Bucs outside linebacker Lavonte David (#54) was barreling down on Samuel when the third cut was needed, which was to his left.  This cut left David with his legs cut out from under him (click on image for a larger view).

You can see David going down.  Samuel managed to squeak out of harm's way and then ran across the field to the far right of the end zone (click on image for a larger view).

The play took 14.2 seconds to complete.  I estimate that Curtis Samuel ran 103 yards on the play, though he only got credit for a 33-yard run.  His average speed was 14.8 mph, but he did hit 18 mph at one point.  It was the three sick cuts that got Samuel into the end zone!

I looked at the cuts more closely, specifically when Curtis Samuel turns about 45 degrees in only a step or two.  The inward force needed to change his velocity so quickly is over four times his weight.  At 200 pounds, plus pads, helmet, etc, his legs could have felt peak forces close to 900 pounds!  No wonder there are so many ACL injuries in football.

Gary O'Reilly of Playing with Science joined me on today's Check Down piece we did for TuneIn's 1st & Goal.  Click here for the audio link.

A Powder Keg Explodes Through a Screen!

The Bears beats the Jets today, 24-10.  What got the scoring started for the Bears was a great sprint from their running back, Tarik Cohen (#29), with 5:35 to go in the first quarter.  The Bears had 2nd and 10 on their own 30-yard line.  Quarterback Mitchell Trubisky (#10) was in the shotgun with Cohen to his left.  Check out the screen capture I took of the formation (click on image for a larger view).

This was the perfect screen play.  Trubisky backpedaled after the snap, allowing the Bears offensive line to set up the perfect blocking scheme for a screen pass.  Center Cody Whitehair (#65) shoved his man to his right, and rookie left guard James Daniels (#68) shoved his man to his left (click on image for a larger view).

The entire Bears offensive line did a great job, but I had to highlight Whitehair and Daniels.  Look at that hole Cohen was running into!  The only man in the hole is Jets inside linebacker, Avery Williamson (#54).  But he let Cohen go while rushing the quarterback.  Trubisky threw the screen pass from the Bears 21-yard line (click on image for a larger view).

Cohen caught the 10-yard screen pass from Trubisky at the Bears 31-yard line, just past the line of scrimmage (click on image for a larger view). 

Note where Jets cornerback, Darryl Roberts (#27), was when Cohen caught the pass.  Roberts was close to the Bears 46-yard line, near the right sideline, and had his back to the play!  You'll see why I point out where Roberts was in a moment.

Cohen had daylight in front of him as he sprinted down the left side of the field toward the goal line.  He ran just over 70 yards on the play, averaging 18 mph.  He kicked his speed up to over 19 mph when he saw Roberts flying toward him from the opposite side of the field.  In pursuing Cohen, Roberts hit a top speed of just over 23 mph on the play.  Now that's fast!  Check out Cohen scoring as Roberts, who knew he couldn't catch Cohen, ran out of bounds at the Jets 3-yard line (click on image for a larger view).

Tarik Cohen is listed at 5 feet, 6 inches tall.  He needed 37 steps to cover 70 yards, averaging about 4.7 steps per second.  Darryl Roberts is listed at 6 feet tall.  He needed 2 fewer steps to cover essentially the same distance that Cohen ran.  Had 6 feet, 3 inches tall Titans running back, Derrick Henry, run that screen play, he would have needed only 33 steps, 4 fewer than Cohen.

I analyzed Mitch Trubisky's crazy run last week (click here for that analysis).  He ran 72 yards, but only got credit for 8 of them.  Despite being 6 feet, 3 inches tall, Trubisky needed 50 steps for his wild run.  He had some starts and stops.  Not so for Cohen as he busted out of that screen play and was all business while sprinting to the end zone.

Chuck Nice of Playing with Science joined me to discuss Cohen's great run on today's Check Down segment of TuneIn's 1st & Goal.  Click here for the audio of our appearance.

Trubisky SCRAMBLES the Patriots!

The New England Patriots held on to beat the Chicago Bears today, 38-31.  Though the home fans left the game disappointed, they did have reason to cheer like crazy near the end of the 1st quarter.  The Bears had 3rd and 6 at the Pats' 8-yard line.  Bears QB Mitch Trubisky (#10) was lined up in the shotgun (click on image for a larger view).

The Patriots had a defender on every Bears receiver.  You can see Trubisky at the 13-yard line on the right hash mark, ready for the snap.  After the play began, the Patriots' end-zone coverage was great, and the Bears' pocket eventually broke down.  Trubisky scrambled backwards and to his right.  By the time he got to the 25-yard line, Pats' defensive end Adrian Clayborn (#94) nearly grabbed Trubisky (click on image for a larger view).

But Trubisky wasn't finished distancing himself from the end zone.  He actually ran just past the Pats' 30-yard line (click on image for a larger view).

At this point, about 5.27 seconds had elapsed since Trubisky received the snap, and the play wasn't even half over!  You can see that Trubisky had set his sights on the left side of the field.  He kept angling left, nearly stopping at one point as he surveyed the field.  By the time he got just past the 25-yard line, Trubisky knew he was going for the end zone.  He turned on the jets, hitting a maximum speed of about 18 mph.  He finally scored 11.8 seconds after the play began.  He had run a total distance of about 72 yards, which means his average speeds was 12.5 mph.  Compare that to the measly 1.4 mph someone could have walked the 8 yards to the end zone in 11.8 seconds.  Check out the score (click on image for a larger view).

Though he didn't output this much energy during his mad scramble, Mitch Trubisky had an internal energy burn of about 7 Calories.  That's roughly the same as the two tablespoons of mustard on a couple of Chicago-style hot dogs.  It was too bad Trubisky couldn't burn off the two interceptions he threw on the day.

The best block on the play took place right as Trubisky scored.  310-lb Bears center Cody Whitehair (#65) was running over 14 mph when he slammed into 205-lb Pats safety Duron Harmon (#21).  You can see them together in the above image, but look at the initial collision (click on image for a larger view).

With pads and helmets on those guys, the collision involved a combined weight of about 565 pounds.  Harmon was hit at school zone speed and got squashed! (click on image for a larger view)

Gary O'Reilly of Playing with Science joined me on today's Check Down piece we did for TuneIn's 1st & Goal.  Click here for the audio link.

Devin Funchess MOSSES Quinton Dunbar!

The Carolina Panthers fell on the road today to the Washington Redskins, 23-17.  But the Panthers did provide a wonderful highlight deep into the second quarter when they were down 17-0.  Panthers quarterback Cam Newton (#1) lined up in the shotgun for a 2nd and 10 at the Redskins' 23-yard line.  On the far left of the formation stood 6' 4" wide receiver Devin Funchess (#17).  Opposite him was the 6' 2" Redskins cornerback Quinton Dunbar (#23).  Check out the formation (click on image for a larger view).

I don't need to dress up the above screen capture.  You can see Newton in the shotgun, and you can see Funchess and Dunbar at the top of the image.  After the snap, Newton backpedaled to the 31-yard line, where he threw his pass (click on image for a larger view).

Newton released the ball at 46.5 mph and at an angle of 27.2 degrees above the horizontal.  The image below shows the trajectory of the pass, with an air resistance force that was nearly 15% of the ball's weight after Newton released it (click on image for a larger view).

As much fun as it is for me to write and talk about football aerodynamics, let me now turn my attention to the touchdown catch.  Newton’s pass arrived at the 1-yard line, hitting Funchess’s gloved hands at 42 mph (click on image for a larger view).

Funchess leaped before Dunbar, allowing his forward momentum to carry him into the end zone.  Funchess managed to leap over 1.3 feet into the air when he caught the ball.  His leap kept him above the turf more than twice as long as Dunbar’s leap.  Funchess’s gloved hands stopped the ball using a lot of friction.  When Funchess landed on the turf with his left shoe, he was holding the ball in his right hand, well out of Dunbar’s reach.  The best Dunbar could do was yank on Funchess’s facemask with his left hand (click on image for a larger view).

Hang time is a wonderful thing!  For any of us who leap into the air, we spend nearly 71% of our time above Earth in the top half of our motion.  Do as Funchess did to Dunbar and you’ll have more time to "hang" at the top of your flight.  Funchess used his hang time to MOSS Devin Dunbar!

I had to echo the "verb" on social media, MOSS.  Who can forget Randy Moss doing that to defensive backs?  The newly minted Hall of Famer was, like Funchess, 6' 4" tall.  I'm writing this blog post in Huntington, West Virginia while visiting Marshall University for a couple invited talks I'm giving tomorrow (Monday, 15 October 2018).  Marshall is where REAL Mossing began!

Chuck Nice of Playing with Science joined me on today's Check Down piece we did for TuneIn's 1st & Goal.  Click here for the audio link.